Florida Natives for Your Landscape
By Ginny Stibolt

Beauty Berry with its unbelievably magenta berries is an easy-care, native shrub.

In the article on instant landscaping, I described a project where a landscaping company used only non-native plants.  I suggested that gardeners would do well to choose native plants. Northern Florida and many other regions are losing diversity in the habitat because of loss of wild areas and because the same 20 or 30 species are over-planted in people's gardens.  This article provides suggestions, background, native plant lists, some starting points when planning your landscape, and other resources.

Why diversity in your landscape?

The simple answer is that we need many different plants to provide habitat for butterflies, birds, and other wildlife.  More to the point, diversity is important for the health of the region's overall ecology.  (I've listed links to detailed diversity articles below.)   Far too many of our wild areas have been destroyed to make room for that most damaging crop springing up with increasing frequency: McMansions and their vast lawns.  (More on lawns in my next article.)  

This is a huge issue, so what difference can gardeners make?  Little by little, one-by-one, we have the power to effect dramatic results.  We can enhance the diversity in our own neighborhoods by: 

• selecting a wide variety of native plants for our landscaping needs, and demand native species when we deal with nurseries.
• choosing plants suitable for the various microclimates on our properties so we use fewer resources, especially water, to maintain them.
• creating wild or near wild spaces on our properties and keep your cats and dogs out of this space.  (Pets are subsidized predators that significantly alter the balance in the ecosystem.)  Encourage your neighbors to do the same.

Growing at the edge of a pond, this Button   Bush, with its odd, globular flowers, attracts  a Common Buckeye butterfly.

Why are native plants important?

The strict definition of a native plant is one that grew in northeast Florida before Europeans arrived.  Considering plants native to the whole southeast region, ignoring our political boundaries, seems more practical.  For instance, the two Magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora) planted by the previous owner on our property are compact cultivars from North Carolina and would not be considered native here.  The Purple Cone Flower (Echinacea purpurea) is a prairie flower native to Georgia, but that would not stop me from planting it here in northern Florida if I had the right spot for it.  

Native plants provide food and cover for native animals.  They provide more variety in our gardens by offering  myriad alternatives to the oh-so-common cultivars and aliens.  The biggest advantage to gardeners, though, is that natives simply grow better here, because they are adapted to our soil and climate.  

There are some disadvantages of using natives.

• They may be more difficult to find and more expensive.
• Because various insects and other animals eat the natives, they tend to look moth-eaten at times.  Actually, they are moth-eaten and butterfly-eaten-those caterpillars have voracious appetites, but most plants have adapted to this situation, and will grow new leaves.
• Natives may tend to be less compact and, due to their genetic diversity, they may be more unpredictable in their growth.

Planning for planting

Before you start, observe (for a year or more) the various sections of your property.  (During this observation period, if you have a bare landscape to deal with, plant annuals and work with containers to combat the urge to produce an instant landscape that you may regret later.) You will want to identify areas:

Ink Berry is a shrubby holly that does well in damp and partially shaded areas.  Wildlife love its black berries.

• where water stands for a day or two after a good rain.  
• that tend to dry out in the heat of summer.
• where the grass is not growing well.
• that you and your family use for outdoor activities.
• that make up your views from the inside of your house.
• where you'd like to create more privacy.

Create a paper (or computer) layout of your land and write down your observations during the year.  Those notes to yourself will be important as you formulate an overall plan.  Choose plants that do well in the various microclimates and remove those that are misplaced.   A microclimate problem we observed last summer was that the shrubs planted in the back bed suffered because of the afternoon sun on that westerly wall.  We relocated the shrubs, and this year we planted heat-loving tomatoes and peppers there.  Without that year of observation, we would not have thought to plant vegetables right next to the house.  The back bed is an example of a microclimate, as the six-foot-wide garden is between a cement sidewalk and the slab foundation which both retain heat.  Also, the afternoon sunlight reflects from the white siding. It's a hot microclimate.

Also, during this year of observation, roam around your neighborhood and nearby areas to see how well different plants grow in your area.  Decide which landscaping ideas you like the best and watch those properties throughout the year to see how they look in each of the seasons.  Observe also, how different plants look together.  Some of my observations around our neighborhood changed my original ideas for new plantings on our property.  After seeing how ratty the Dogwoods (Cornus florida) look around here, I'm not going to plant any even though it was one of my favorites in Maryland.  This is its southernmost range and something here is causing the dogwoods too much stress-even the blooms were mediocre. 

In a landscape, you'll need to plan for three or four levels: full-sized trees, small trees and taller shrubs, medium height to low shrubs, and low-lying groundcovers.  Creating this understory layer of shade-tolerant shrubs and small trees beneath your trees provides cover for wildlife, interest in your landscape, and ultimately, places that don't need weeding. (I'll include details on this process in my next column.)  You'll also want to plan for different textures in your plantings.  This means that you'll look for different sized and shaped plants and those with various types of leaves.  Do your research so you know which plants grow well together, and how plants will look in each season.  Combine plants that bloom at different times in the year and plan for some plants with showy fruits.

Plantings of all types look best in non-linear, odd-numbered groupings. 

If you are starting with a bare lot, choose an area where you wish to plant some full-sized trees.  Make sure this area is far enough from the house that the trees, when they are full grown, will not brush the siding or roof.  Plant three or five trees in this area, and plan for enough space between them for optimal growth and development.  Then plan for smaller trees and shrubs around the trees and finally, the groundcovers.   For instance, if the area is in a low-lying, non-lawn area where water sits for a few days after a rain or next to a pond, your full-sized tress could include these: Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) 130', Water Oak (Quercus nigra) 80', Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) 100", Sweet Bay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana) 100', Red Bay (Persea barbonia) 65', Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 90', or Water Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) 115'.  The smaller trees and large shrubs could include some of these: Carolina Willow (Salix caroliniana) 35', Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) 10', Ink Berry (Ilex glabra) 10', Groundsel Tree (Baccaris halimifolia) 13', Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) 40', or Beauty Berry (Callicarpa americana) 6'.  One obvious ground cover for a wet area is ferns.  For a dry area, you'd have different set of possibilities.

Loblolly Bay, an evergreen, tall columnar tree  rivals the Magnolias for year-round beauty.

If you have existing, mature trees and plantings already in place, think of ways to form planting areas around the trees.  If you have a lone pine tree in a dry area and grass struggling under it, stop raking up the pine needles, and create an acid-loving understory layer around it: Dahoon Holly (Ilex cassine) 30',  Southern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginica) 30',  Winged Sumac (Rhus copalina) 25', and Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens), 6'.  For the ground layer. you could use Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa) 3' and Black-eyed Susan (Rudebeckia hirta) 3'.

Select the plants and arrange them while keeping in mind the ultimate purpose of that area.  If an area is to be used to create some privacy, you may wish to add height with a ridge-that ridge, especially if you use sandy soil, will become a drier microclimate where water drains away.  Use lots of compost for each plant, but you'll still need  drought-tolerant, evergreen shrubs and small trees to provide your screen.  If an area will be the vista from your living room, you'll want to take more care to provide flowers, fruit, and varying textures throughout the seasons. (St. Johns Water Management District's website includes a detailed outline on the planning your landscape.)   

To help with your landscaping, befriend a good gardener in your neighborhood or someone knowledgeable at a local nursery (not a big box store) to help with identifications and other information.  As you know, gardening is a process and patience is rewarded.

While I've discussed the small, garden-by-garden agenda here, I urge gardeners to get involved in regional initiatives to increase your community's use of native plants, and preservation of open space. 

I found this Dahoon Holly growing in a pebble-filled parking lot island.  Not even weeds grew there.

A few suggestions for native shrubs and trees with comments: 
(For many more choices, see the resources listed below.)

· Coontie (Zamia integrifolia) 3'  is a relative of the Japanese  Sagos and is our only native Cycad.  This small shrub has fern-like leaves and tolerates a variety of conditions.  
 · Beauty Berry (Callicarpa americana)* 6' is a deciduous, medium-sized bush with unbelievably magenta berries for damp areas in partial shade.
 · Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens), 6' is an evergreen, shrubby palm.  It's very durable in all kinds of terrain and if you have these, they are hard to get rid of, but are amazingly difficult to transplant.  I've had only one of ten survive.
 · Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis)* 10' is a large, deciduous shrub with one-inch, white globular flowers for damp areas.  (The photo also shows Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia) butterfly.) 
 · Ink Berry (Ilex glabra)* 10' is an evergreen shrub-a holly with black berries. It does best at the edge of wooded areas.  
 · Southern Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) 40' is a fragrant, evergreen, tall shrub.  The gray berries attached along the stems in the fall attract many birds.  It grows well in a variety of conditions and takes well to trimming.  
 · Loblolly Bay (Gordonia lasianthus)* 80' is a stunning tree that grows wild at the edges of forested areas around our neighborhood. This narrow, columnar tree rivals Magnolias for shear beauty. 
 · Tupelo (Nyssa silvatica) 130' is a deciduous tree, with irregularly twisting branches, glossy leaves, and blue berries, grows in wet or dry conditions.  Its most noticeable characteristic is its brilliant scarlet fall color, even here in Florida.
 · Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) 130' is one of the few deciduous conifers, hence the name bald.  This tree will grow right in standing water or in dryer areas, but don't plant it anywhere near where you'll be mowing-those woody knees will wreck your lawnmower. 
 · Dahoon Holly (Ilex cassine)* 30' is an easy-to-care-for evergreen tree that will grow almost anywhere.  Like other hollies, there are male and female trees-they are dioecious.  Make sure you have one male to ensure those beautiful orange-red berries on the females.
* Photo included.

Resources:

 · www.easywildflowers.com-This source for native wildflower seeds includes detailed information on natives.  While geared for prairie restoration, it still presents information relevant for northern Florida including, planting instructions, environmental preferences, suggested plant groupings, native ranges, and more.
 · www.wgcu.org/fllandscape/plant_directory.asp- Florida Landscape's plant list includes information on which plants are storm resistant. Apparently a companion site to Florida Landscape TV show.
 · www.nsis.org/-Florida Backyard has plant lists including those to attract birds and wildlife and also those to reduce allergens. 
 · www.fnps.org/-Florida Native Plant Society is organizing a new branch here in NE Florida.
 · www.sjrwmd.com/programs/outreach/conservation/landscape/toc.html-Waterwise Florida Landscapes from St. Johns Water Management District.  There's a good section on landscape planning.
 · www.afnn.org/-The Association of Florida Native Nurseries list plants and members.
 · www.epa.gov/docs/grtlakes/greenacres/nativeplants/factsht.html#Native%20Plant-The Environmental Protection Agency provides fact sheets on landscaping with native plants and background articles on native plants.
 · www.enature.com/gardening/-National Wildlife Federation has information on native gardening projects including information on projects for schools and certification for school yards and your own backyard.
 · http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC_Native_Plants & http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EP061-University of Florida Extension Service's website includes many articles and extensive lists with detailed information on the characteristics and environmental needs for each plant.  More accurate and impartial than some other sites that may be produced to sell plants or promote certain agendas.
 · www.acnatsci.org/education/kye/nr/kye4.html-The Academy of Natural Sciences article: "How Urban Sprawl Affects The Landscape."
 · www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=1534-Article describing the process of forest reduction and fragmentation.  While geared to the Chesapeake Bay watershed, it is equally relevant here in northern Florida and almost everywhere in the country.
 · www.stateforesters.org/positions/biodiversity.html-Association of State Foresters overview on biodiversity.  Good detail and actions needed for diversity preservation.
 · www.sdearthtimes.com/et1094/et1094s2.html-Article: "Biological Diversity: Can We Live Without It?"
 · www.fleppc.org/Plantlist/03list.htm-List of exotic pest plants for your reference.
 · www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/invaspec/3rdlevpgs/Fopsregions.htm-Bureau of Invasive Plant Management Regions and Field Offices.
 · http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/index.html-University of Florida website: Plant Management in Florida Waters.  Invasive plants and related issues for lakes, rivers, springs, marshes, swamps, and canals. While not exactly on our topic, this is a useful site for defining the problems of invading plants.

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